Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria Device Operators: * Currently licensed/certified Emergency Medicine Technicians, paramedic, or nurse * Have had no formal training on use of the proximal humerus IO insertion site * Demonstrate proper use of the device and technique during training portion and obtain approval from the device trainer to participate Exclusion Criteria for Device Operators: None Inclusion Criteria Healthy Subjects: * Age 21 years or older * Have no amputation of the upper extremities * Able to lay flat on a table for up to 2 hours * Self-reported as healthy, as confirmed by the PI Exclusion Criteria Health Subjects: * Have an active infection in the body * Imprisoned * Pregnant * Cognitively impaired * Fracture in humerus, or significant trauma to the site * Excessive tissue and/or absence of adequate anatomical landmarks in humerus * Infection in target area * Humeral IO insertion in past 48 hours, prosthetic limb or joint or other significant orthopedic procedure in humerus * Current use of anti-coagulants * Current cardiac condition requiring pacemaker or anti-arrhythmic drugs * Prior adverse reaction to lidocaine * Volunteers with any of the following characteristics may be excluded from the infusion pathway evaluation involving administration of contrast dye at the discretion of the PI: * Prior adverse reaction to contrast dye * Allergy to any food or drug * History of impaired renal function * History of impaired hepatic function * History of cardiac disease * History of pheochromocytoma