Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * At least 18 years old and able to understand an informed consent * Adequate oral hygiene to allow for implant therapy consistent with standards of care. * Missing a single tooth in the maxillary anterior region * Presence of adjacent natural teeth Exclusion Criteria: * Poor oral hygiene * Severe parafunctional habits, for example, bruxing and clenching * Presence of clinically active periodontal disease as expressed by probing pocket depths≥4 mm in combination with bleeding on probing. * Conditions that might lead to a possibly lowered regenerative capacity of the bone, for example, osteoporosis and Paget's disease * Pregnant or expecting to be pregnant * History of drug and alcohol abuse * History of systemic diseases that would contraindicate oral surgical treatment, for example, uncontrolled diabetes (defined as HBA1c level \>7%) * Radiotherapy in the head and neck area, * On certain medications like bisphosphonates or steroids currently or within the past three months * Absence of adjacent teeth * Unwillingness to return for the follow-up examination * Smokers (more than 20 cigarettes per day). Subjects smoking \<20 cigarettes per day were requested to stop smoking before and after surgery