Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Hospitalized patients over 18 years old meet one of the following conditions. 1. moderate or above valvular heart disease as defined by echocardiography: 1.1 Aortic stenosis, moderate or above, or valve area ≤1.5cm2, or maximal jet velocity ≥3.0m/sec, or mean pressure gradient ≥20mmHg, 1.2 Aortic regurgitation, moderate or above, or jet width ≥25% of left ventricular outflow tract, or regurgitant volume ≥30ml/beat, or regurgitant fraction ≥30%, 1.3 Mitral stenosis, moderate or above, or valve area ≤2.0cm2, 1.4 Mitral regurgitation, moderate or above, or effective regurgitant orifice ≥0.2cm2, or regurgitant volume ≥30ml/beat, or regurgitant fraction ≥30%, 1.5 Tricuspid stenosis, moderate or above, or valve area ≤1.0cm2, 1.6 Tricuspid regurgitation, moderate or above, or central jet area ≥5.0cm2, 1.7 Pulmonic stenosis, moderate or above, or maximal jet velocity \>4m/sec, 1.8 Pulmonic regurgitation, moderate or above, 2. Patients who had undergone any operation on a cardiac valve (percutaneous balloon commissurotomy, valve repair, valve replacement, transcatheter aortic valve implantation), 3. Diagnosis of endocarditis as assessed by Duke criteria. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients cannot be followed up for any reasons. 2. Patients in critical condition may be die in one year. 3. Patients have been enrolled in this study.