Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion criteria: * Patients \>= 18 years old for Marketscan and Optum, and \>=65 years old for Medicare only * Patients initiating empagliflozin or a DPP-4 inhibitor within the study period. Initiation was defined as no use of SGLT-2 inhibitors (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ertugliflozin) or DPP-4 inhibitors in the previous 12 months. * Restriction to patients with a diagnosis of T2DM (ICD-9 Dx code of 250.x0 or 250.x2; ICD-10 Dx code of E11.x) in the 12 months prior to drug initiation. Exclusion criteria: * Patients with missing or ambiguous age or sex information. * All patients who have less than 12 months of continuous registration in the database prior to initiation of empagliflozin or a DPP-4 inhibitor will be excluded. * Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) defined as at least 1 inpatient or outpatient codes in the 12 months prior to drug initiation. * Secondary diabetes, and gestational diabetes in the 12 months prior to drug initiation * History of cancer in the 5 years prior to drug initiation * End-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the 12 months prior to drug initiation * HIV diagnosis or treatment in the 12 months prior to drug initiation * Organ transplant in the 12 months prior to drug initiation * Patients that were in nursing homes in the 12 months prior to drug initiation * Patients with concomitant SGLT-2 inhibitor and DPP-4 inhibitor initiation will also be excluded. * Patients initiating more than one DPP-4i on cohort entry date will additionally be excluded Additional exclusion criteria apply.