Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Healthy participants * Have given written informed consent to participate * Aged 18 to 70 years inclusive * Male or female * Current non-smoker * If female, either postmenopausal or on days 2-9 of menstrual cycle and negative pregnancy test performed on the day of the of visit * BMI in range for studies 1 and 4: 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 with waist circumference lower than 88 centimetres (35 inches) for women or 102 cm (40 inches) for men, and/or body fat level less than 32 % for women or 25% for men * BMI in range for studies 2 and 3: 18.5-30.0 kg/m2 without limitations in waist circumference or body fat level Overweight/obese participants * Have given written informed consent to participate * Aged 18 to 70 years inclusive * Male or female * Current non-smoker * If female, either postmenopausal or on days 2-9 of menstrual cycle and negative pregnancy test performed on the day of the of visit * BMI in range of 25-34.9 kg/m2 (inclusive) with either waist circumference higher than 88cm (35 inches) for women or 102 cm (40 inches) for men, and/or body fat levels in excess of 32% for women or 25% for men Participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus * Have given written informed consent to participate * Aged 18 to 70 years inclusive * Male or female * Current non-smoker * If female, either postmenopausal or on days 2-9 of menstrual cycle and negative pregnancy test performed on the day of the of visit * BMI in range of 25-34.9 kg/m2 (inclusive) with either waist circumference higher than 88cm (35 inches) for women or 102 cm (40 inches) for men, and/or body fat levels in excess of 32% for women or 25% for men * Documented diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, either diet controlled or treated with oral hypoglycaemic therapy Exclusion Criteria: * Hypersensitivity to any of the study drugs or excipients * Systemic Hypertension (sustained BP \>160/100mmHg) or hypotension (systolic BP below 90 mmHg) * Known heart disease * Implanted heart pace-maker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) * Known active malignancy * Known renal failure (creatinine \>140µmol/L) * Known neurological disease * History of Scleroderma (Study 4 only) * Current pregnancy, breast feeding * Use of vasoactive medications or NSAIDS/aspirin within 24 hours of study visits * Use of caffeine within 24 hours of study visits * Current involvement in the active treatment phase of other research studies, (excluding observations/non-interventional) * Second or third-degree AV block, sino-atrial block, sick sinus syndrome or sinus bradycardia * Known HIV, hepatitis B or C * Needle phobia * Participants treated with formal anticoagulant therapy such as, but not limited to, heparin, warfarin or clopidogrel * Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus or current usage of insulin or other injectable drugs for the treatment of diabetes such as but not limited to GLP1 agonists * BMI \<18.5 * Aged \<18 or \>70 years * Any other clinical reason which may preclude entry in the opinion of the investigator