Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * At least one dispensing of naldemedine or lubiprostone or naloxegol without prior use in the database of either medication (index date) * At least two dispensings of opioids within six months prior to and including the index date, with at least a combined 31 cumulative days supply * At least 18 years of age or older on the index date * At least six months of continuous health plan coverage that includes medical and pharmacy benefits prior to and including the index date Exclusion Criteria: * Any acute MACE (non-fatal MI or non-fatal stroke) within six months before or on the index date * Any cancer treatment or cancer pain diagnosis within six months before or on the index date * Prior use of methylnaltrexone, alvimopan or naloxegol within six months before or on the index date