Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: pregnant women at age of 16 or over with a viable pregnancy and who will fulfil the following: * Group I: Women attending for elective CS. * Group II: Women admitted for induction of labour and expected to stay stay in hospital for more than 24 hours. * Group III: Maternal condition that could have direct impact on body fluid including: 1. Pre-eclampsia requiring hospital admission. 2. Hyperemesis gravidarum requiring hospital admission. 3. Major postpartum haemorrhage (equal or greater than 1000 ml following delivery). * Group IV: gestational age matched controls. Exclusion criteria: * Maternal age less than 16 years at booking. * Women who are not capable of giving consent. * Women with learning disabilities/difficulties. * Unable to speak or read English to the appropriate level. * Prisoners. * Any others deemed to belong to a vulnerable group. * Women who require pace maker or defibrillators.