Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Patients had to meet all of the following criteria to be eligible for enrolment into the study: 1. Male and female adults aged ≥40 years, of Chinese ethnicity with written informed consent prior to any study-related procedure; 2. Patients with a diagnosis of COPD (according to the GOLD document \[1\], updated 2017) at least 12 months before the screening visit; 3. A smoking history of at least 10 pack-years \[pack-years = (number of cigarettes per day x number of years)/20\]. Current and ex-smokers were eligible; Note: Smoking cessation therapy had to be completed 6 months prior to screening visit; 4. A post-bronchodilator FEV1 \<50% of the predicted normal value and a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio \<0.7, 10 to 15 minutes after 4 puffs (4 x 100 µg) of salbutamol pMDI; Note: If this criterion was not met at screening, the test could be repeated no more than 7 days before the randomisation visit; 5. A documented history of at least one exacerbation in the 12 months preceding the screening visit. COPD exacerbation was defined according to the following: "A sustained worsening of the patient's condition (dyspnoea, cough and/or sputum production/purulence), from the stable state and beyond normal day-to-day variations, that is acute in onset and necessitates a change in regular medication in a patient with underlying COPD that includes prescriptions of systemic corticosteroids and/or antibiotics or need for hospitalisation"; 6. Patients in treatment for at least 2 months prior to screening with either: * ICS/LABA; or * ICS/LAMA; or * Inhaled LABA and inhaled LAMA; or * LAMA; or * LABA; Note: Triple therapy was not allowed 2 months before the screening visit; 7. A cooperative attitude and ability to be trained to use correctly the study treatment inhalers (pMDI and Turbohaler®); 8. A cooperative attitude and ability to be trained to use correctly the COPD questionnaires. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients requiring use of the following medications: * Systemic steroids for COPD exacerbation in the 4 weeks prior to screening; * A course of antibiotics for COPD exacerbation longer than 7 days in the 4 weeks prior to screening; * Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors in the 4 weeks prior to screening; * Use of antibiotics for a lower respiratory tract infection (e.g. pneumonia) in the 4 weeks prior to screening; 2. COPD exacerbation requiring prescriptions of systemic corticosteroids and/or antibiotics or hospitalization during the run-in period; 3. Changes in dose, schedule, formulation or product of oral xanthine derivatives (e.g. theophylline) in the month prior to the screening visit or during the run-in period. Stop of xanthines prior to the screening visit was allowed; 4. Known respiratory disorders other than COPD which may have impacted the efficacy of the study treatment according to the Investigator's judgement. This could have included, but was not limited to, α-1 antitrypsin deficiency, active tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, sarcoidosis, lung fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease; 5. Diagnosis of asthma, history of allergic rhinitis or atopy (atopy which may have risen contra-indications or impacted the efficacy of the study according to the Investigator's judgement); 6. Patients treated with long-acting antihistamines (e.g. astemizole, terfenadine) unless taken at stable regimen at least 2 months prior to screening and maintained constant during the study, or if taken as required (PRN); 7. Patients requiring long-term (at least 12 hours daily) oxygen therapy for chronic hypoxemia; 8. History of hypersensitivity to β2-agonists, corticosteroids or any of the excipients contained in any of the formulations used in the study; 9. Patients treated with non-cardioselective β-blockers in the 4 weeks preceding the screening visit or during the run-in period; 10. Patients who had a clinically significant (CS) active cardiovascular condition (such as, but not limited to, unstable ischemic heart disease, New York Heart Association \[NYHA\] Class III/IV, left ventricular failure, acute myocardial infarction, advanced atrio-ventricular conduction blocks); 11. Patients with atrial fibrillation: * Paroxysmal (i.e. intermittent); * Persistent as defined by continuous atrial fibrillation diagnosed for less than 6 months; * Persistent for at least 6 months with a resting ventricular rate ≥100/minute controlled with a rate control strategy (i.e. selective β-blocker, calcium channel blocker, pacemaker placement, digoxin or ablation therapy); 12. An abnormal and CS 12-lead ECG that resulted in an active medical problem which may have impacted the safety of the patient or showed Fridericia-corrected QT interval (QTcF) \>450 ms for males or QTcF \>470 ms for females; 13. Unstable concurrent disease: e.g. uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or other endocrine disease; uncontrolled gastrointestinal disease (e.g. active peptic ulcer); neurological disease; uncontrolled haematological disease; uncontrolled autoimmune disorders, significant hepatic impairment, significant renal impairment or other which may impact the feasibility of the results of the study according to the Investigator's judgment; 14. CS laboratory abnormalities indicating a significant or unstable concomitant disease which may have impacted the efficacy or the safety of the study treatment according to the Investigator's judgment; 15. Patients with serum potassium levels \<3.5 mEq/L (or 3.5 mmol/L); 16. History of alcohol abuse and/or substance/drug abuse within 12 months prior to the screening visit; 17. Pregnant or lactating women and all women physiologically capable of becoming pregnant (i.e. women of childbearing potential) UNLESS they were using one or more of the following highly effective contraceptive measures: * Placement of an intrauterine device or intrauterine hormone-releasing system; * Combined (oestrogen and progesterone-containing) hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation (oral, intravaginal, transdermal); * Progesterone-only hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation (oral, injectable, implantable); * Bilateral tubal occlusion; * Vasectomised partner; Reliable contraception had to be maintained throughout the study; Any postmenopausal women (physiologic menopause defined as "12 consecutive months of amenorrhea without an alternative medical cause") or women permanently sterilised (e.g. bilateral oophorectomy, hysterectomy or bilateral salpingectomy) could be enrolled in the study; Pregnancy tests were performed at study entry (a serum test at the screening visit and a urine test at screening and randomisation visits) in all women of childbearing potential; 18. Participation in an interventional clinical trial with intake of the last dose of any investigational drug \<12 weeks preceding baseline visit (last dose \<5 half-lives prior to baseline visit for biologics).