Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * at least 18 years old * Patients eligible for external septorhinoplasty: patients seen in consultation because of nasal obstruction were evaluated. Patients who had symptoms of nasal obstruction for at least 1 year that were the result of an identifiable anatomical cause such as septal deviation, turbinate hypertrophy, internal valve collapse, or external valve collapse were included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * \< 18 years * mental or physical incapacity to answer the questionnaires * nasal fracture or surgery in the past year * nasal cocaine use in the past year