Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 18 to 45 years old * 35 ≤ BMI ≤ 45 kg/m2 Exclusion Criteria: * Obesity induced by other endocrinologic disorders * Severe gastrointestinal diseases or contraindication for surgery * History or newly known of diabetes * Use of hypoglycemic medications, antibiotic in the preceding 2 months, or yogurt within 5 days * Weight change more than 5% of body weight within the past 3 months * Severe or unstable cardiovascular, liver or renal diseases or known cancer * History of drug or alcohol abuse or other substance abuse * Any mental disorders or current use of antidepressantsPregnancy or lactation or consideration of pregnancy * Allergies to specific food ingredients in the intervention