Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Children aged 8 years of age through adulthood * Diagnosis of pectus excavatum or adolescent idiopathic scoliosis * Scheduled for endoscopic pectus excavatum repair or spine fusion Exclusion Criteria: * History of or active renal or liver disease * Major surgery requiring opioids in the last 5 years * Severe respiratory problems (such as obstructive sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, or pneumonia within the last month) * Cardiac conditions including, but not limited to, cyanotic heart disease, hypoplastic left ventricle, arrhythmia, hypertension with ongoing treatment, Kawasaki disease, or cardiomyopathies. Participants with asymptomatic valvular lesions or defects may be included * History of seizures currently treated on medication (participants off medication and seizure free for greater than one year may be included) * Taking no more than two concomitant medications known to induce or inhibit CYP2D6 activity, including paroxetine, fluoxetine, cimetidine, and duloxetine * Needing postoperative ventilation or intraoperative cardiac bypass standby * BMI \>35 * Pregnant or breastfeeding females * Non-English speaking * Definite developmental delay