Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * age 18-60 years * current Intelligence Quotient (IQ) \> 70 as measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) * the ability to read and speak fluent English * a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective or major depression disorder * stable medication for more than one month Exclusion Criteria: * significant neurological or other medical disorders that may produce cognitive impairment * a recent history of substance abuse or dependence (within the past 3 months) * any magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contraindications (e.g. metallic head implant, history of seizure, pacemaker) * decisional incapacity requiring a guardian * taking medications that are rated as Anticholinergic Burden (ACB) Score 3 (severe) or taking benzodiazepines on a daily basis * Finally, participants could not be severely symptomatic at the time of study enrolment to ensure that they could understand and complete all study assessments. This criterion was defined as a score ≤34 on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery \& Åsberg, 1979) for the MDD group and a score ≤95 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1987) for the SZ group.