Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients living in Belgium at the time of the study, * from whom unduplicated S. pneumoniae isolates were collected in routine practices, * from non-invasive upper (e.g.: pus/fluid from nasal sinus or from otitis media fluid) or lower respiratory tract (e.g. sputum bronchial or endotracheal aspirate, bronchoalveolar fluid (BAL),…) clinical samples, * from patients diagnosed with pneumonia, sinusitis and otitis. Exclusion Criteria: • Patients for whom S. pneumoniae was simultaneously isolated from blood or another usually sterile specimen