Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults that are able to consent (≥ 18 years of age) * No history of asymptomatic bacteriuria or Urinary Tract Infection within the past 1 month * No history of coagulopathy and not on anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication at the time of surgery. * For patients with urolithiasis, must not have a history of RCC * For patients with RCC, must not have a history of urolithiasis * Controls must have no history of stones, RCC, or urinary tract infection (within 1 month). * For all participants, no antimicrobial treatment within the past month Exclusion Criteria: * Adults unable to consent * For patients with urolithiasis, technical difficulty in taking renal papillae biopsy. * History of urinary tract infection within the past 1 month * History of coagulopathy and on anticoagulants or antiplatelets that could not be stopped perioperatively. * Patients with nephrolithiasis and renal tumors with positive preoperative urine cultures- suggesting asymptomatic bacteriuria. * For patients with urolithiasis, a history of RCC * For patients with RCC, a history of urolithiasis * Controls who have a history of stones, RCC, or urinary tract infection. * For all participants, antimicrobial treatment within the past month.