Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: (1) outward flow of less than 500 ms duration, with a diameter of \>3.5 mm; (2) According to the CEAP classification method specified by the International Venous Federation, patients with C4b\~C6 grades are included. Exclusion Criteria: (1)age \< 18 years or age \> 80 years; (2)with malignant tumors and life expectancy \< 1 year; (3)with past or current history of deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism in the lower extremities; (4)with congenital venous malformations (K-T syndrome, arteriovenous fistula and etc.; (5)inability to walk, long-term braking, restrictive bed rest; severe ischemia of lower extremities or diagnosed severity of peripheral artery occlusive disease; (6)according to the researcher's judgment, it is not suitable for foam hardener and puncture coagulation treatment; (7)allergic to the drugs and equipment materials involved in the research; (8)with inferior vena cava and/or iliac vein stenosis or occlusion; (9)with autoimmune disease, receiving chemotherapy, hormone therapy or immunomodulatory treatment; (10)other underlying severe diseases; women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or have pregnancy plans during the study period; (11)the patient cannot cooperate to complete the inspection and follow-up required by the study.