Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Scheduled for PCNL who agree to be included in the study * Age 18 years or more * Absence of renal anatomic abnormalities * Patients undergoing bilateral procedures or those with pre-operative indwelling ureteral stents or nephrostomy tubes will be included Exclusion Criteria: Pre-operative: * Age \<18 * Pregnancy * Positive urine culture within 3 weeks * Bleeding disorder * Presence of renal anatomic abnormalities * Solitary kidney * Need for admission based on comorbidities determined by anesthesiologist Intra-operative: * Significant ureteral or pelvicalyceal injury * Significant intraoperative hemorrhage Post-operative: * Temperature \>100.4 Fahrenheit * Hemodynamic instability (defined as 2 of 3: heart rate \>90 beats per minute, respiratory rate \>20 breaths per minute, systolic blood pressure \<90mmHg, or drop in systolic blood pressure \>40mmHg) * Hemoglobin drop of \> 3 g/dL compared to pre-operative bloodwork * Transfusion of blood products * Pneumothorax or hemothorax on chest X ray * Uncontrolled nausea, vomiting, or pain