Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age \>19 years * Clinically diagnosed with MSA according to the guidelines of the 2nd consensus of the Gilman criteria * Clinically diagnosed to have dysphagia by a physiatrist * Two or more points on the Penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) from the Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) conducted within 3 months Exclusion Criteria: * Moderate to severe cognitive dysfunction with Mini-mental State Examination score \< 19 * Comorbidities or structural abnormalities that may affect swallowing function * Other comorbidities that make it difficult to participate in the study