Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria * Aged 18 years of age or older. * Referred to the echocardiogram laboratory for routine clinically indicated echocardiography, or to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for routine clinically indicated catheterization procedures * Individuals with normal heart sounds, isolated aortic stenosis (any degree of severity), or isolated mitral regurgitation (any degree of severity) Exclusion Criteria * Patients with unstable cardiovascular or pulmonary disease * Patients with mixed valvular heart disease, corresponding to more than one type of valve pathology (i.e.: Aortic stenosis and Aortic Regurgitation), or more than 1 valve involved (i.e.: aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation)