Inclusion Criteria:
Patients:
* Meet DSM-5 criteria for opioid-use disorder (heroin and/or prescription opioids);
* Have entered, or expressed a clear intention to enter, an OUD treatment program that prescribes either methadone or buprenorphine
* Any gender;
* 18 years of age and older;
* Have used opioids other than as specifically prescribed within thirty days prior to consent;
* In good-enough general health;
* Capacity to provide written informed consent as assessed by our Subject Comprehension Assessment Tool(subjects lacking the ability to consent will not be enrolled) ;
* Able to speak English sufficiently to understand the study procedures and provide written informed consent to participate in the study.
Study-Physician Participants.
* Licensed MD employed by the respective site, or at a clinical partner of the respective site, where they will act as participants and be part of the treatment team
* Currently practicing in the treatment of OUD with either Buprenorphine or Methadone;
* Able to speak, read, and write English fluently and to provide informed consent in English
Clinician Participants.
* Licensed MSW, NP, or MD; who are not part of any treatment team within the study and may be employees of their respective sites or other treatment facilities.
* Currently practicing in the treatment of OUD with either Buprenorphine or Methadone;
* Able to speak, read, and write English fluently and to provide informed consent in English
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients:
* Serious medical, psychiatric or non-opioid substance use disorder that, in the opinion of a study physician, would make study participation hazardous to the participant or compromise study findings or would prevent the participant from completing the study. Examples include: (a) Disabling or terminal medical illness (e.g., uncompensated heart failure, cirrhosis or end-stage liver disease) as assessed by medical history, review of systems, physical exam and/or laboratory assessments;
* Severe, untreated or inadequately treated mental disorder (e.g., active psychosis, uncontrolled manic-depressive illness) as assessed by history and/or clinical interview;
* Current severe alcohol, benzodiazepine, or other depressant or sedative hypnotic use likely to require a complicated medical detoxification (routine alcohol and sedative detoxifications may be included);
* Suicidal or homicidal ideation that requires immediate attention;
* Presence of pain of sufficient severity as to require ongoing pain management with opioids;
* Pending legal action or other reasons that might prevent an individual from completing the study.
* Pregnancy as assessed by urine pregnancy testing
* Breastfeeding of infants, as assessed by self-report.
* Prisoners, as defined by OHRP, are excluded from participation in the study.
* Individuals receiving residential court-ordered substance abuse treatment.
Study-Physician Participants.
* none
Clinician Participants.
* none
