Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * a CAPS of ≥25 * subjected to single traumatic events * were able to understand Swedish * had symptoms of chronic pain that interfered significantly with everyday life * were fully examined medically and had received medical treatment if indicated * were able to be an active part of the rehabilitation process, regain functioning in different life areas and participate in treatment interventions for approximately 5 hours every week * stable dose of medication * able to read and write in Swedish * had access to a smart phone or computer with internet access Exclusion Criteria: * repeated and extensive traumatic events * had other acute or severe psychiatric disorders or symptoms that warranted designation as the primary disorder (ongoing substance dependence, untreated bipolar disorder, OCD, psychotic symptoms, severe depression) * were actively abusing analgesic medications (including narcotics), alcohol or other drugs * had great difficulty to harbour and handle strong emotions that could lead to emotional outbursts or self-harming behavior * had health risks due to medical reasons * had social or economic difficulties or lack of social support that hindered behavior change * current severe suicidal ideation that warranted immediate intervention (indicated by the MINI and a score of 3 to item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item version (PHQ9))