Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age ≥ 60 years 2. Diagnosed as MDD under the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and confirmed with MINI-Depression 3. HAM-D ≥ 14 4. MMSE ≥ 20 5. Who had continuous subjective memory complaints more than 6 months before the period of screening 6. Who had taking antidepressants longer than 1 month in the period of screening Exclusion Criteria: 1. Diagnosed as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, PTSD, OCD or other significant mental disorder under the criteria of DSM-5 (only the participants who had depressive disorder, sleep disorder, and the anxiety disorder are allowed to be included) 2. Who have medically unstable disease (only the participants, who have diabetes mellitus or hypertension under control with stable medication for 3 months could be included) 3. Diagnosed as dementia or mild cognitive impairment 4. Participants who are already taking choline alfoscerate within 4 weeks of period 5. Participants who have been taking medication of typical antipsychotics, mood stabilizer, cognitive enhancer including donepezil, rivastigamine, galantamine, and memantine within 1months. 6. Participants who had previous history of liver disease or renal disease 7. Participants who had allergic reaction to choline alfoscerate 8. Other specific condition, which could be inappropriate for the trial inclusion, under the judgement of the principal investigator