Inclusion Criteria:
1. Male/female participants who are at least 18 years of age on the day of signing informed consent with histologically confirmed diagnosis of R/M HNSCC that is considered incurable by local therapies will be enrolled in this study:
* Subject may not have had prior systemic therapy administered in the recurrent or metastatic setting. Systemic therapy which was completed more than 6 months prior to signing consent if given as part of multimodal treatment for locally advanced disease is allowed.
* The eligible primary tumour locations are oropharynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx, and larynx.
* Subject may not have a primary tumour location site of nasopharynx (any histology).
2. A male participant must agree to use a contraception as detailed in Appendix 3: Contraceptive Guidance and Pregnancy Testing of this protocol starting with the first dose of study treatment through the treatment period and for at least 180 days after the last dose of study treatment and refrain from donating sperm during this period.
3. A female participant is eligible to participate if she is not pregnant (see Appendix 3: Contraceptive Guidance and Pregnancy Testing), not breastfeeding, and at least one of the following conditions applies:
1. Not a woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP) as defined in Appendix 3: Contraceptive Guidance and Pregnancy Testing OR
2. A WOCBP who agrees to follow the contraceptive guidance in Appendix 3: Contraceptive Guidance and Pregnancy Testingduring the treatment period and for at least 180 days after the last dose of study treatment.
4. The participant (or legally acceptable representative if applicable) willing and able to provides written informed consent for the trial. The participant may also provide consent for Future Biomedical Research. However, the subject may participate in the main trial without participating in Future Biomedical Research.
5. Have measurable disease based on RECIST 1.1. Lesions situated in a previously irradiated area are considered measurable if progression has been demonstrated in such lesions.
6. Archival or fresh tumor tissues must be available for evaluating relevant biomarkers. Newly obtained core needle or excisional biopsy of a tumor lesion not previously irradiated is preferred to archived tissue. If newly obtained samples cannot be obtained due to inaccessibility or patient safety concern, submission of paraffin block or formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) slides of up to 3 years prior to trial enrolment are acceptable (15 unstained slides of 5 microns in thickness). Refer to Section 6.1.5 for complete information on the tissue sample collection.
7. Have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 to 1. Evaluation of ECOG is to be performed within 7 days prior to the first dose of study intervention.
8. Have adequate organ function as defined in the following table (Table 3). Specimens must be collected within 10 days prior to the start of study intervention.
* Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1500/µL
* Platelets ≥100 000/µL
* Hemoglobin ≥9.0 g/dL or ≥5.6 mmol/La
* Creatinine ≤1.5 × ULN
* Total bilirubin ≤1.5 ×ULN OR direct bilirubin ≤ULN for participants with total bilirubin levels \>1.5 × ULN
* AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) ≤2.5 × ULN (≤5 × ULN for participants with liver metastases)
* International normalized ratio (INR) OR prothrombin time (PT), Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≤1.5 × ULN unless participant is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or aPTT is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Has disease that is suitable for local therapy administered with curative intent.
2. Has progressive disease within six months of completion of curatively intended treatment for locoregionally advanced HNSCC.
3. Patient with an expected life expectancy of less than 3 months.
4. A WOCBP who has a positive urine pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to treatment allocation (see Appendix 4). If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required.
5. Has received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or antiPDL2 agent or with an agent directed to another stimulatory or co-inhibitory T-cell receptor (eg, CTLA-4, OX40, CD137).
6. Has received prior systemic anti-cancer therapy including investigational agents within 4 weeks \[could consider shorter interval for kinase inhibitors or other short half-life drugs\] prior to start of study treatment.
Note: Participants must have recovered from all AEs due to previous therapies to ≤Grade 1 or baseline. Participants with ≤Grade 2 neuropathy may be eligible. Participants with endocrine-related AEs Grade ≤2 requiring treatment or hormone replacement may be eligible Note: If the participant had major surgery, the participant must have recovered adequately from the procedure and/or any complications from the surgery prior to starting study intervention.
7. Has received prior radiotherapy within 2 weeks of start of study intervention. Participants must have recovered from all radiation-related toxicities, not require corticosteroids, and not have had radiation pneumonitis. A 1-week washout is permitted for palliative radiation (≤2 weeks of radiotherapy) to non-CNS disease.
8. Has received a live vaccine or live-attenuated vaccine within 30 days prior to the first dose of study drug. Administration of killed vaccines is allowed.
9. Is currently participating in or has participated in a study of an investigational agent or has used an investigational device within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study intervention.
Note: Participants who have entered the follow-up phase of an investigational study may participate as long as it has been 4 weeks after the last dose of the previous investigational agent.
10. Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving chronic systemic steroid therapy (in dosing exceeding 10 mg daily of prednisone equivalent) or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior to the first dose of study drug.
11. Has a known additional malignancy that is progressing or has required active treatment within the past 5 years. Participants with basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or carcinoma in situ (eg, breast carcinoma, cervical cancer in situ) that have undergone potentially curative therapy are not excluded.
12. Has known active CNS metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis. Participants with previously treated brain metastases may participate provided they are radiologically stable, i.e. without evidence of progression for at least 4 weeks by repeat imaging (note that the repeat imaging should be performed during study screening), clinically stable and without requirement of steroid treatment for at least 14 days prior to first dose of study intervention. This exception does not include carcinomatous meningitis which is excluded regardless of clinical stability.
13. Has severe hypersensitivity (≥Grade 3) to pembrolizumab and/or any of its excipients.
14. Has active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e. with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs). Replacement therapy (eg., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment and is allowed.
15. Has a history of (non-infectious) pneumonitis/interstitial lung disease that required steroids or has current pneumonitis/interstitial lung disease.
16. Has an active infection requiring systemic therapy.
17. Has a known history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection.
18. Has a known history of Hepatitis B (defined as Hepatitis B surface antigen \[HBsAg\] reactive) or known active Hepatitis C virus (defined as HCV RNA \[qualitative\] is detected) infection. Note: no testing for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C is required unless mandated by local health authority.
19. Has a history or current evidence of any condition, therapy, or laboratory abnormality that might confound the results of the study, interfere with the participant's participation for the full duration of the study, or is not in the best interest of the participant to participate, in the opinion of the treating investigator.
20. Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with cooperation with the requirements of the trial.
21. Is pregnant or breastfeeding or expecting to conceive or father children within the projected duration of the study, starting with the screening visit through 120 days after the last dose of trial treatment.
22. Has had an allogenic tissue/solid organ transplant.
