Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Aged 2-16 years and without genetic diseases; All refractory pediatric with mild-to-moderate CD; Mild-to-moderate CD, defined by the pediatric Crohn's disease activity index (PCDAI) \>10 and ≤40 and Simple Endoscopic Score for CD (SES-CD) \> 3 were enrolled in the study; refractory CD, defined by children who failed conventional treatment (hormone, immunosuppressant, biologics) Exclusion Criteria Children who were treated by PEN (80%) less than 8 weeks; follow up less than 3 months; known contraindication to all FMT infusion method such as nasoduodenal tube insertion, oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD), enteroscopy, colonoscopy, enema and Fecal capsule; unwilling to give informed consent/assent