Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * 18-75 years; * Patients underwent laparoscopic and thoracoscopic or robotic-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy ; * Informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Has a history of cholecystitis or urolithiasis within 3 months; * Has a history of atherothrombosis (peripheral arterial disease), stroke, myocardial infarction; * With lung diseases, such as pneumonia, atelectasis, emphysema, pulmonary bullae, etc; * Preoperative cardiac function grade ≥ III or coronary artery stenosis; * Preoperative indwelling of a thoracic drainage tube; * Long-term heavy drinker(heavy drinking was defined as follows: for men, consuming more than 4 drinks on any day or more than 14 drinks per week; For women, consuming more than 3 drinks on any day or more than 7 drinks per week); * Opioid-tolerant patients(defined as those who have been taking, for a week or longer, at least 60 mg of morphine daily, or at least 30 mg of oral oxycodone daily, or at least 8 mg of oral hydromorphone daily or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid); * With painful skin complications, such as rashes and blisters; * Conversion to open surgery; * The postoperative ventilation function was limited, or the duration of endotracheal intubation was more than 24h.