Patients with Parkinson's disease
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Confirmed diagnosis by neurologist
2. Males or females aged 45-85 years
3. Signed informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Other confirmed GI diseases (such as inflammatory bowel diseases)
2. Concurrent or recent treatment with antibiotics (\< 12 weeks)
3. Concurrent or recent (\< 4 weeks) use of nutritional supplements or herb products affecting intestinal function or mood (e.g. aloe vera, St. John´s Wort and probiotics/prebiotics).
4. Diagnosis of major psychiatric or somatic disease other than PD.
5. Abuse of alcohol or drugs according to Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and/or clinical judgment.
6. Epilepsy.
7. Cerebral bleeding or history of cerebral bleeding.
8. Pregnancy or breastfeeding (will be asked).
9. Claustrophobia.
10. Smoking or using tobacco including snuff.
11. Dominant left-hand.
12. Inoperated apparatus (e.g., pacemaker).
13. Aneurysm clips in the head.
14. Shunts in the head.
15. Grenade-splinter or metal-splinter in the body (e.g.,eyes).
16. Metal or electrodes in the body (e.g., temp-catheter, aortastent, cochleaimplant).
17. Comprehensive tooth-implants or prothesis.
18. Operated in the head.
19. Operated in the heart.
20. Swallowed a video-capsule.
21. Any other reason the investigator feels the subject is not suitable for participation in the study.
Patients with IBS
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Fulfilling ROME IV criteria upon recruitment
2. Minimum 5 year of IBS symptoms
3. Males or females aged 18-85 years
4. Signed informed consent
Exclusion criteria:
1. Other confirmed GI diseases (such as inflammatory bowel diseases) or PD
2. Concurrent or recent treatment with antibiotics (\< 12 weeks).
3. Concurrent or recent (\< 4 weeks) use of nutritional supplements or herb products affecting intestinal function or mood (e.g. aloe vera, St. John´s Wort and probiotics/prebiotics).
3\) Diagnosis of major psychiatric or somatic disease. 4) Abuse of alcohol or drugs according to Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and/or clinical judgment.
5\) Epilepsy. 6) Cerebral bleeding or history of cerebral bleeding. 7) Pregnancy or breastfeeding (will be asked). 8) Claustrophobia. 9) Smoking or using tobacco including snuff. 10) Dominant left-hand. 13) Inoperated apparatus (e.g., pacemaker). 14) Aneurysm clips in the head. 15) Shunts in the head. 16) Grenade-splinter or metal-splinter in the body (e.g.,eyes). 17) Metal or electrodes in the body (e.g., temp-catheter, aortastent, cochleaimplant).
18\) Comprehensive tooth-implants or prothesis. 19) Operated in the head. 20) Operated in the heart. 21) Swallowed a video-capsule. 25) Any other reason the investigator feels the subject is not suitable for participation in the study.
Healthy controls:
Inclusions criteria:
1. Males or females aged 18-85
2. Signed informed consent
Exclusion criteria:
1. Concurrent or recent treatment with drugs affecting intestinal microbiota, function or mood, e.g., antidepressants (\< 12 weeks), antibiotics (\< 12 weeks)
2. No on going GI symptoms
3. Concurrent or recent (\< 4 weeks) use of nutritional supplements or herb products affecting intestinal function or mood (e.g. aloe vera, St. John´s Wort and probiotics/prebiotics).
4. Diagnosis of major psychiatric or somatic disease.
5. Abuse of alcohol or drugs according to Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and/or clinical judgment.
6. Recent (\< 4 weeks) intake of proton pump inhibitors, PPI (e.g., omeprazol).
7. Epilepsy.
8. Cerebral bleeding or history of cerebral bleeding.
9. Pregnancy or breastfeeding (will be asked).
10. Claustrophobia.
11. Smoking or using tobacco including snuff.
12. Dominant left-hand.
13. Inoperated apparatus (e.g., pacemaker).
14. Aneurysm clips in the head.
15. Shunts in the head.
16. Grenade-splinter or metal-splinter in the body (e.g., eyes).
17. Metal or electrodes in the body (e.g., temp-catheter, aortastent, cochleaimplant).
18. Comprehensive tooth-implants or prothesis.
19. Operated in the head.
20. Operated in the heart.
21. Swallowed a video-capsule.
22. Regular intake of anti-inflammatory medication (including NSAIDs).
23. Any other reason the investigator feels the subject is not suitable for participation in the study.
