Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. children with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 (equivalent to 0.3 logMAR) or worse in the amblyopic eye (ranging from 20/40 to 20/400), and interocular difference of BCVA was at least two logMAR lines, 2. ocular causes of amblyopia that were identified as refractive(i.e., anisometropic, strabismus, or strabismic-anisometropic. * Anisometropia included interocular difference of spherical equivalent \>=1D or interocular difference of astigmatism cylinder magnitude \>=1D; * strabismus included those with deviation \>=10PD or good alignment after prior strabismus surgery; * combined type included those who meet the criteria of both anisometropia and strabismus. * For the patching group, we will enroll 15 children with strabismic amblyopia who are prescribed patching treatment. Age: 4-12 years old. * For the foveation therapy group, we will enroll 15 children with strabismic amblyopia who are prescribed foveation therapies. Age: 8-16 years old. Exclusion Criteria: * born before 32 weeks gestational age; * neurologic, developmental, or systemic illnesses known to be associated with ocular pathologies; * congenital or acquired macular pathology.