Clinical Research Directory

Ages eligible for the study: 19 years or older Inclusion criteria: 1. Patients with symptomatic persistent AF who undergo AF catheter ablation due to continued AF even after anti-arrhythmic agents or 2. Patients with a burden of LA LVA (scar zone) of 1cm2 or more and less than 30% in 3D voltage mapping before the index catheter ablation are included in the randomized assignment group when performing catheter ablation in satisfaction with 1) 4\) Patients with an LVA of \<1cm2 or ≥30% are recruited as a registry. Exclusion criteria: 1. Patients with LA anteroposterior diameter of more than 55 mm 2. Patients with prior AF-related catheter ablation or surgery 3. Patients whose exact LVA burden cannot be calculated because high-quality 3D voltage mapping cannot be obtained during the procedure. 4. Inability or unwillingness to receive anticoagulation (heparin or oral anticoagulation) 5. Known severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction \<35%) 6. Patients with severe structural heart disease (severe mitral regurgitation, hypertrophy cardiomyopathy, other severe valvular heart diseases) 7. Patients with intracardiac thrombus 8. Patients with prior cardiac surgery 9. Patients who had a myocardial infarction or underwent percutaneous coronary intervention within three months 10. Patients who had a stroke or transient ischemic attack within 6 months 11. Patients who had a planned operation or procedure for the cardiovascular system 12. Patients with intractable hypertension or uncontrolled thyroid disease 13. Patients who need dialysis due to end-stage renal disease or who are scheduled for dialysis 14. Patients who are currently pregnant or are likely to be pregnant within the study period 15. Patients who are taking immunosuppressive drugs or had undergone chemotherapy for cancer, autoimmune disease, transplant, etc 16. Patients whose life expectancy is less than 1 year