Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged ≥ 18 years old who had first-onset dyspepsia with one or more symptoms of epigastric pain, epigastric burning, postprandial fullness, early satiation and that has lasted for more than 1 month to 3 months. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with local or systemic diseases which may cause dyspeptic symptoms: Known active peptic ulcer, cholecystitis, gallstone, gastrointestinal obstruction, gastroparesis, and etc. 2. Known acute or chronic injury of liver or kidney 3. Obvious hematological abnormality, or endocrine and metabolic diseases 4. Known malignancy; Obvious cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases (such as coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, cerebral infarction and etc. 5. Other conditions which may be associated with dyspeptic symptoms (such as NSAIDs associated dyspepsia) 6. organ failure defined by Marshall standard or severe psychiatric illnesses 7. pregnancy or lactation 8. unable to provide consent