Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion criteria: 1. Be able and willing to consent to the qualification and the follow-up phases of the study; 2. Be able to undergo yearly examinations for ≥5 years; 3. Age is older than 60 years; 4. Best-corrected visual acuity of both eyes is better than 20/32; 5. Intraocular pressure (non-contact tonometer) is between 10-21 mmHg; 6. Except for mild cataracts, no other structural abnormalities of the eye are found. 7. have fundus photographs of adequate quality as assessed with a standardized protocol by the University of Wisconsin Fundus Photograph Reading Center. Exclusion Criteria: 1. the presence of ocular disease in either eye, except for mild cataracts and ametropia; 2. previous retinal or other ocular surgical procedures (other than cataract extraction and capsulotomy); 3. a chronic requirement for any systemic or ocular medication administered for other diseases and known to be toxic to the retina or optic nerve; 4. cataract surgery within three months or capsulotomy within six weeks before the qualification visit; 5. any systemic disease with a poor 5-year survival prognosis.