Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Pathological confirmed adenocarcinoma of the rectum; 2. Patients age between 18-80; 3. Baseline AJCC stage I-III: cT1-4N0-2M0 (AJCC-8 version); 4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) physical status score of 0 to 2; 5. Patients voluntarily sign informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Other types of rectal cancer (adenosquamous carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, clear cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma); 2. Combination of rectal cancer with multiple carcinomas; 3. Pre-operative presence of acute and chronic infectious diseases or foci of infection; 4. Intraoperative radical surgery was not performed for various reasons； 5. Colostomy was not performed at the same time as the radical rectal cancer surgery; 6. Combined with intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, intestinal bleeding, peritonitis, etc. requiring emergency surgery; 7. Metastatic cancer; 8. Serious heart, lung, liver and kidney disease, can not tolerate surgery; 9. Active liver disease or abnormal liver function with ALT, AST and TBIL more than 2 times the upper limit of normal values; 10. Renal impairment with Cr ≥ 2 times the upper limit of normal or BUN ≥ 2 times the upper limit of normal; 11. Blood leukocytes below the lower limit of normal value, or platelets below the lower limit of normal value, or with other blood system diseases; 12. Pregnancy; 13. Mental illness or serious intellectual disability who cannot describe their feelings correctly; 14. Severe coagulation disorder, bleeding tendency; 15. Patients with severe uncontrolled medical disease, recent history of myocardial infarction (within 3 months), uncontrolled severe hypertension and severe diabetes mellitus; 16. Patients need to be on antibiotics/other probiotics for a long time.