Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * All patients with unilateral or bilateral renal stones (de novo or recurrent) who were candidates for endoscopic or surgical intervention were included. Metabolic workup was done for selected patients with radio-opaque stones, while genetic testing was done for those with dominant Ca composition proven by postoperative stone analysis. Thirty healthy individuals with no urologic abnormalities were involved as control cases. Patients with renal calculi for whom metabolic and genetic testing were performed are designated "α" cases. Exclusion Criteria: * For metabolic and genetic testing, patients with a well-known lesion precipitating stone disease were excluded e.g. ureteric stricture, ureteropelvic or ureterovesical junction obstruction, urinary diversion, history of ureterovesical re-implantation as well as patients with non-Ca stones by post-operative stone analysis