Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria - Type 1 Diabetes Group: \- Able to provide written consent. Exclusion Criteria - Type 1 Diabetes Group:: * BMI \< 20 or \> 32 kg/m\^2. * Celiac disease. * Pregnancy. * Smoking. * Reported history of illicit substance use. * History of active cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease. * Active renal disease evidenced by estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \< 50 mL/min/1.73 m\^2. * Severe peripheral or autonomic neuropathy. * Dementia or any other neurologic disease. * Uncontrolled psychiatric disease. * Any learning disability. * Anemia. * Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ≥ 7 or TSH ≤ 7 and free T4 ≤ 0.9. * Hemoglobin A1c \> 9.0%. * Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), or impaired fasting glucose. * Detectable C peptide. Inclusion Criteria - Control Group: * Able to provide written consent. * T1DM treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or multiple daily injections (MDI) (not Degludec). Exclusion Criteria - Control Group: * BMI \< 20 or \> 32 kg/m\^2. * Celiac disease. * Pregnancy. * Smoking. * Reported history of illicit substance use. * History of active cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or peripheral vascular disease. * Active renal disease evidenced by estimated GFR \< 50 mL/min/1.73 m\^2. * Severe peripheral or autonomic neuropathy. * Dementia or any other neurologic disease. * Uncontrolled psychiatric disease. * Any learning disability. * Anemia. * TSH ≥ 7 or TSH ≤ 7 and free T4 ≤ 0.9. * T2DM, or impaired fasting glucose.