Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Between ages 18-40 years * No diagnosed medical history of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous system, or metabolic disease. * Females must be pre-menopausal. * Prior to study visit: abstained from caffeine, alcohol, strenuous exercise, and medication not taken regularly for at least 12 hours. Exclusion Criteria: * Current diagnosis of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous system, or metabolic disease that may impact blood pressure regulation. This will be assessed on a case-by-case basis by the study physician. * Participants with bleeding or clotting disorders, or those currently taking blood thinners. * Participants currently taking beta-agonist inhalers i.e. Ventolin (at least not in the last 24 hours). * Females who are pregnant, confirmed by a pregnancy test. * Females who have are less than 1 year postpartum or are breastfeeding. * Females who are post-menopausal. * Participants that are classified as obese (body mass index \> 30 kg ⋅ m2). * Have a history of smoking regularly in the last 6 months (but nicotine substitutes (i.e. patch, gum) are not an exclusion criteria). * Those with a known allergy to sulfites, or other components of the supplied solution of study drugs. * Participants taking medications that are contraindicated with any of the study drugs, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants. * Participants who have not adhered to the pre-testing guidelines related to diet, alcohol or exercise will not be excluded, but will be rescheduled for a different day. This is to reduce experimental variability.