Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Before 27 weeks of pregnancy * Age \>18 years * Strict plant-based diet (vegan diet), defined as a diet without ingestion of animal products (i.e., intake less than once a month during) the entire pregnancy or omnivorous diet, defined as a diet that includes meat * Willing and able to give written informed consent and to understand, participate and comply with the research project requirements Exclusion Criteria: * Food allergy that influences the nutritional intake, e.g., milk allergy, celiac disease, and lactose intolerance * Medical history of gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn's disease and other diseases associated with vitamin B12 deficiencies such as (pre-existing) diabetes. * Medical history of abdominal surgery interfering with nutrient uptake, such as gastric bypass and intestinal resections * Pre-existing cardio-vascular diseases or auto-immune diseases * Insufficient understanding of the Dutch language