Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Patients between 18 and 85 years of age with a recent schedule for MIE are screened for this study. Patients who show clear consciousness and ASA status I - III will be included as eligible participants. Exclusion Criteria: The exclusion criteria are as follows: patients with severe psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, dementia, etc.; severe hepatic insufficiency (concentration of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase or bilirubin ≥2.5 times the upper limit of normal); renal impairment (creatinine clearance \<60 mL/min); allergy to amide local anesthetics; history of seizures; presence of II/III atrioventricular block; patients with severe sinus bradycardia or sick sinus syndrome; patients with Adams-Stokes syndrome or pre-excitation syndrome; intracardiac block (e.g. complete bundle branch block, atrioventricular block); serum potassium ion concentration below 2.5 or above 5.0 mmol/L; PH\>7.55 or PH\<7.2. Patients will be discontinued if any of the following situations occur: the patient has an allergic reaction, severe cardiovascular events that cannot be managed with symptomatic treatment, and the patient is unwilling to continue the study.