Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Diagnosed with diabetes, aged between 18 and 80 years old; 2. Symmetrical pain in the distal lower extremities with or without dysesthesia; 3. Duration of symptoms exceeding 6 months; 4. Pain described as stabbing and/or electric shock-like and/or burning sensation; 5. Abnormal Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST); 6. Presence of hyperalgesia and allodynia; 7. Absence of lower limb reflexes and muscle strength abnormalities; 8. Normal MRI or CT scans without spinal canal stenosis or other spinal abnormalities. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Concurrent severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases; 2. History of lumbar spine surgery, trauma, or spinal canal stenosis within the past 6 months, or a history of lumbar spine surgery, trauma, or spinal canal stenosis that would impact the SCS surgery and pain assessment in this study; 3. Presence of radicular symptoms; 4. Other spinal abnormalities, such as benign or malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities of the spine, spinal instability, etc.; 5. Coexisting disorders of the coagulation system, malignant tumors, infections, and psychiatric or psychological disorders; 6. Pregnancy.