Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * 1\) Age ≥18 years old; 2\) Patients undergoing unilateral initial thoracoscopic lobectomy under general anesthesia (TV or robot-assisted); 3\) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Grade I - III; 4\) Voluntarily participate in the study and sign the informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * 1\) Pregnant or lactating women; 2\) Pulmonary wedge-shaped resection; 3\) ≥2 thoracic drainage tubes; 4\) Abnormal liver function: ALT and/or AST\>2×ULN, or TBIL≥1.5×ULN; 5\) Renal function impairment (serum creatinine \>176μmol/L), or received dialysis treatment within 28 days before surgery; 6\) Participate in another research trial involving an investigational drug within 6 months; 7\) A history of drug or alcohol abuse; 8\) Long-term use of opioids (more than 3 months or more than 5 mg daily morphine equivalent per day for 1 month); 9\) History of allergy to local anesthetics or one of the investigational drugs; 10\) Uncontrolled mental or neurological symptoms.