Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: \- 1.Children and adolescents aged 8-17 y diagnosed as type 1 DM according to American diabetes association ( ADA) (17) . 2.On multiple injection or insulin pump for at least 5 years or more. 3.Patients are free from acute complication like diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA), symptomatic hypoglycemia, or infection for at least one month before enrollment in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * 1.Age less than 8 years or more than 17 years. 2.Diabetes other than T1DM . 3.Patients with known neuropathy of any other cause rather than diabetes. 4.Diabetic children with thyroid dysfunction ,coelic disease or anemia.