Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Newborns and infants under 2 years of age undergoing surgery under general anesthesia at Seoul National University Hospital Exclusion Criteria: * Premature infants with a gestational age of less than 37 weeks * Children with a history of brain disease (hydrocephalus, brain tumor, etc.) * Patients with a history of hypoxic/ischemic brain injury * Children with fused fontanels * Children with uncorrected congenital cardiac malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus * Patients with hypersensitivity to ephedrine and its components * Patients with hypertension * Patients with thyrotoxicosis * Patients with renal impairment and those taking thyroid medication * Glaucoma patients * Diabetic patients * Patients with prostatic hyperplasia * Patients with chromophobe cell tumors * Patients taking or within 2 weeks of discontinuing monoamine oxidase inhibitors * Patients with ischemic heart disease * Patients receiving foxglove preparations * Patients with cardiac disease * Patients receiving inotropic agents and those with abnormal baseline blood pressure * Those who are taking or need to take concomitant contraindicated medications * Those who require halogenated anesthetics such as chloroform, cyclopropane, and halothane because concomitant administration may cause ventricular arrhythmias. * Those who are expected to require these agents because they may cause arrhythmias or cardiac arrest when coadministered with catecholamines such as epinephrine and isoproterenol.