Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Scheduled to undergo mini PCNL for nephrolithiasis * Stone burden (multiple stones acceptable) with largest stone 1cm - 3 cm in greatest dimension on bone window of noncontrast CT within a 6 month preoperative period. * Able to give informed consent * Age 21 or older Exclusion Criteria: * Patients scheduled to undergo concurrent non-PCNL procedure such as contralateral ureteroscopy * Inability to give informed consent * Age less than 21 * Body Mass Index (BMI) \>45 * Pregnant or breastfeeding patients * Stone burden outside of inclusion criteria range * Untreated urinary tract infections * Uncontrolled bleeding disorder and coagulopathy * Abnormal upper tract anatomy such as presence of ureteral strictures or complete ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction * Patients with urinary diversion such as ileal conduit or neobladder * Any preexisting medical condition or situation that, in the investigator's opinion, could put the participant at significant risk, confound the study results, or interfere significantly with the participants' participation in the study * Are currently prescribed buprenorphine or methadone, or carry active diagnosis of chronic opioid use disorder