Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 19 and above with planned neurosurgical procedures requiring neurophysiological monitoring, classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification 1, 2, or 3 in the United States. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients who refuse to participate in the study. 2. Patients who are pregnant or lactating. 3. Patients with hypersensitivity to the investigational drugs or to soy, peanuts, or Dextran 40. 4. Patients with acute narrow-angle glaucoma. 5. Patients with alcohol or drug dependence. 6. Patients with hepatic impairment classified as Child-Pugh class C. 7. Patients with lactose intolerance. 8. Patients requiring emergency surgery.