Inclusion Criteria:
1. Male or female subjects 18 to 50 years of age
2. Subject is willing and able to comply with study procedures and duration
3. Subject is willing to sign an informed consent
4. Subject weighs \>40kg
5. Subject is a non-smoker or has not smoked within 2 days prior to the study
6. Cleared same day health assessment form and health screening
7. Successful perfusion index ulnar/ulnar+radial ratio test showing adequate collateral blood flow.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Subject is considered as being morbidly obese (defined as BMI \>39.5)
2. Compromised circulation, injury, or physical malformation of fingers, hands, ears or forehead/skull or other sensor sites which would limit the ability to test sites needed for the study (Note: Certain malformations may still allow subjects to participate if the condition is noted and would not affect the sites utilized)
3. Females of childbearing potential who are pregnant, who are trying to get pregnant, or who have a urine test positive for pregnancy on the day of the study
4. Subjects with COHb levels \>3% as assessed by CO-Oximetry during the procedure
5. tHb \< 10 g/dl as assessed by CO-Oximetry during the procedure
6. MetHb ≥ 2% as assessed by CO-Oximetry during the procedure
7. Subjects with known respiratory conditions such as:
1. uncontrolled / severe asthma
2. flu or influenza type infection
3. pneumonia / bronchitis
4. shortness of breath / respiratory distress
5. unresolved respiratory or lung surgery
6. emphysema, COPD, lung disease
7. recent COVID (last 2 months)
8. Subjects with known heart or cardiovascular conditions such as:
1. hypertension: systolic \>140mmHg, or Diastolic \>90mmHg on 3 consecutive readings
2. have had cardiovascular surgery
3. chest pain (angina)
4. heart rhythms other than a normal sinus rhythm or with respiratory sinus arrhythmia (reviewed during health screen)
5. previous heart attack
6. blocked artery
7. unexplained shortness of breath
8. congestive heart failure (CHF)
9. history of stroke
10. transient ischemic attack
11. carotid artery disease
12. myocardial ischemia
13. myocardial infarction
14. cardiomyopathy
15. implantable active medical device such as pacemaker or automatic defibrillator
9. Self-reported health conditions as identified in the Health Assessment Form
1. diabetes
2. uncontrolled thyroid disease
3. kidney disease / chronic renal impairment
4. history of seizures (except childhood febrile seizures)
5. epilepsy
6. history of unexplained syncope
7. recent history of frequent migraine headaches
8. recent symptomatic head injury, within the last 2 months
9. cancer requiring chemotherapy, radiation, or current treatment
10. subjects with known clotting disorders
11. history of bleeding disorders or personal history of prolonged bleeding from injury
12. history of blood clots
13. hemophilia
14. sickle cell trait or disease
15. current use of blood thinner: prescription or daily use of aspirin
16. subjects with Severe contact allergies to standard adhesives, latex or other materials found in pulse oximetry sensors, ECG electrodes, respiration monitor electrodes or other medical sensors
17. participants with severe allergy to iodine (only applicable if iodine is used)
18. subjects with prior or known severe allergies to lidocaine (or similar pharmacological agents, e.g. Novocain) or heparin
19. arterial cannulation within the last 30 days prior to study date, (this may exclude only one radial artery site, left or right)
20. history of clinically significant complications from previous arterial cannulation
21. unwillingness or inability to remove colored nail polish or colored artificial nails other than clear from test digits
22. other known health condition, upon disclosure in Health Assessment form
