Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Meets the diagnostic criteria for depression according to the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), without psychotic symptoms, as recurrent outpatient or inpatient. 2. Patients with a Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score ≥ 22 before randomization. 3. Age ≥ 18 and ≤ 65 years, regardless of gender. 4. Understands the trial and signs the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Meets criteria for other psychiatric disorders according to the DSM-5, including schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar and related disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurocognitive disorders, or depression due to substance and/or medication or other medical conditions. 2. History of substance and/or alcohol abuse within the past year. 3. Significant risk of suicide (MADRS item 10 score = 4). 4. Difficulty or inability to communicate verbally, understand or follow instructions, or cooperate with treatment and assessment. 5. Inability to use a smartphone. 6. Deemed unsuitable for participation by the researcher.