Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: \- 1 For Lithium group 1. Aged 12-45 years (adolescents 12-17, young adults 18-45). 2. Diagnosed with bipolar disorder using the the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) (M.I.N.I.; version 5.0) based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. 3. Adolescents diagnosed using the M.I.N.I. Kid version. 4. Lithium medication adherence of at least 80% in the first six months over the past year. 5. Not in an acute phase of illness. 6. Patient or guardian able to participate in assessment interviews. 7. Informed consent signed by participants and guardians (for adolescents). 2 for Non-lithium group 1. Aged 12-45 years (adolescents 12-17, young adults 18-45). 2. Diagnosed with bipolar disorder using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.; version 5.0) based on DSM-IV criteria. 3. Adolescents diagnosed using the M.I.N.I. Kid version. 4. No lithium use over the past year. 5. Not in an acute phase of illness. 6. Patient or guardian able to participate in assessment interviews. 7. Informed consent signed by participants and guardians (for adolescents). Exclusion Criteria: 1. Severe physical illness or active substance abuse. 2. Severe cognitive impairments, including developmental delays or dementia.