Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * 18 years old ≤ age ≤ 80 years old, gender is not limited; * BMI index of 18-35 kg/m2 (including 18 kg/m2 and 35 kg/m2 ); * Diagnosed with diabetes mellitus; * ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ; * Elective laparoscopic abdominal surgery under general anesthesia; * Operating time \>2 hours and \<6 hours; * Voluntary participation and signing of an informed consent form; * Ability to be followed up in a timely manner. Exclusion Criteria: * Abnormally elevated preoperative inflammatory indicators; * Core body temperature ≥37.5 degrees Celsius; * Patients with previous clear central nervous system disease, history of psychiatric disorders, or epilepsy; * Patients with verbal communication or hearing or visual impairment, who were unable to communicate well and had poor compliance; * Intraoperative use of vasodilator (uradil, sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin); * Any high-risk subjects with complete atrioventricular block or complete atrioventricular conduction tissue without implanted pacemakers, multiple premature ventricular beats, single premature ventricular beats (heart rate \<45 beats/min), heart failure in NYHA (New York Heart Association) class III or higher; * Subjects with any other clinically significant 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) or echocardiogram abnormality at the time of screening, ejection fraction (EF) \<40%, or any other significant abnormality in the opinion of the investigator; * Subjects deemed by the investigator to be unfit for this clinical trial for any other reason (anesthesia assessment unfit for surgery or preanesthetic hypertension). Withdrawal Criteria: * Serious adverse events, abnormal laboratory tests, or other conditions that indicate no further benefit or increased risk to the subject's safety from continued participation in the study; * Incomplete recording of critical data (temperature or heart rate variability); * Unstable condition requiring further admission to the intensive care unit; * Intraoperative use of dexmedetomidine; 5. Perioperative nerve block.