Clinical Research Directory

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy was delivered face-to-face by clinical psychologists trained and certified in EMDR. Treatment followed an eight-stage EMDR protocol for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), incorporating culturally adapted procedures where appropriate for the Pakistani clinical context. Treatment included history-taking and treatment planning, preparation, assessment, desensitization using bilateral stimulation, installation of adaptive cognitions, body scan, closure, and reevaluation. The number of sessions was determined according to participants' symptom severity and clinical needs and generally ranged from 6 to 14 sessions, typically delivered once per week.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) was delivered face-to-face by clinical psychologists trained and certified in CBT. Treatment followed a structured trauma-focused CBT protocol for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with culturally adapted procedures used where appropriate for the Pakistani clinical context. Treatment included assessment and engagement, psychoeducation, relaxation, affective modulation, cognitive coping and restructuring, trauma narrative work, exposure-based procedures, caregiver involvement where appropriate, and enhancement of safety. The number of sessions was determined according to participants' symptom severity and clinical needs and generally ranged from 6 to 14 sessions, typically delivered once per week.