Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Physician-diagnosed T2DM * The history of T2DM less than 6 years * Most recent HbA1c higher than 6.5% * Body mass index: 24-45 kg/m2 * Fasting C-p ≥1.1 ng/ml * Inability to provide informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes currently treated with insulin, or HbA1c ≥12% * Cardiovascular events within 6 months before trial * Current use of anti-obesity medications, eating disorders, dieting behaviors, or weight loss \>5 kg within 6 months before trial * Chronic kidney disease stage 3b or above (eGFR \<30 mL/min/1.73m²) * Any condition causing fluid overload, such as heart failure or liver cirrhosis * Previously diagnosed psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder), uncontrolled depression, or epilepsy * Severe arthritis or active gout * Active gallstone disease or known as asymptomatic gallstones * Concurrent enrollment in another clinical trial * Pregnancy, lactation, or planned conception during the study * Substance abuse * Known malignancy * Comorbidities increasing dietary intervention risk (e.g., biliary disorders) * Long-term use of antibiotics, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, or PPIs * Chronic gastrointestinal disorders affecting gut microbiota (e.g., ulcerative colitis) * Severe hepatic impairment (ALT \>2.5× ULN) * Inability to provide informed consent