Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * aged between 40 and 80 years; * breathing spontaneously; * clinically diagnosed with ischemic and/or haemorrhagic stroke; * stroke duration from onset between 1 and 12 months; * no history of thoracic or abdominal surgery within the last 6 months; * able to understand and follow verbal instructions; * no facial palsy, or mild facial palsy without limitation of labial occlusion; * capable of maintaining a resting sitting posture without feet support for at least 30 seconds; * no cognitive impairment, as indicated by a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of ≥ 26; * able to independently walk at least 10 meters with or without an assistive device. Exclusion criteria: * acute myocardial infarction or acute heart failure; * acute pain in any part of the body; * with respiratory illness or positive clinical signs of impaired respiratory function, such as shortness of breath, hypoxemia, chronic cough, or sputum retention; * with chronic cardiovascular dysfunction; * Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) score ≥ 20; * presence of a nasal feeding tube, tracheal tube, or any condition that prevents the measurement or implementation of the study procedure.