Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged ≥65 years; 2. Patients with preoperative mild to moderate cognitive impairment, defined as 9\<Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)\<26; 3. Scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia, with an expected surgical duration of \>2 hours; 4. Expected to stay in hospital for at least 5 days after surgery. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Left-handed; 2. Primary school education level or below; 3. Comorbid diseases including mental illness, intellectual disability, auditory and visual dysfunction, language impairment, severe neurological disorders, or other diseases that impede the completion of evaluation; 4. Neurosurgery; 5. Presence of contraindications to rTMS treatment, including epilepsy, pregnant or lactating women, or with a metal or electric implanted device (e.g., deep brain stimulator, ventriculoperitoneal shunt, aneurysm clip, pacemaker, cochlear implant, or surgical staples on the scalp); 6. Other situations that are deemed unsuitable for inclusion in the study.