Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. elderly patients (age ≥ 65 years) 2. undergoing elective surgery with a planned overnight hospital stay following surgery 3. non-cardiac surgery, non-neurosurgical surgery Exclusion Criteria: 1. patients fully refused to participate in the study 2. patients with severe dementia, language disorder, severe hearing or visual impairment, coma, and end-stage status 3. patients whose surgeries were canceled 4. history of previous severe mental illness or long-term use of psychotropic medications 5. patients admitted to ICU immediately after surgery 6. patients who died within 7 days after surgery 7. patients who did not complete the scale assessment